Vol. 16, Issue 1, Jul-Dec 2023

Page: 16-35

The Effectiveness of Using Instructional Modules Based on the Divergent Learning Model in Design and Interactive Thinking and in Learning Selected Skills on the Floor Exercise Mat in Women’s Artistic Gymnastics

Dr. Doaa Saadallah Kaab

Received Date: 2025-11-12

Accepted Date: 2026-01-12

Published Date: 2026-01-29

The research problem lies in the fluctuation in the performance level of certain artistic gymnastics skills among second-year students, despite the considerable efforts exerted by course instructors. In addition, insufficient attention has been given to various types of thinking, including design thinking and interactive thinking, despite their effective role in learning motor skills. The researcher also sought to experiment with a model that, to the best of her knowledge, has not previously been applied in the field of sports in general and artistic gymnastics in particular. This prompted the adoption of this model as a supportive element in learning certain artistic gymnastics skills and in overcoming the problems students face in motor performance. This is achieved by encouraging thinking in multiple situations and alternatives through integrating their prior knowledge with current information to construct new and accurate understanding of the correct performance of the skill, thereby enabling them to reach optimal performance.

Back Download PDF

References

• Abdul-Hussein, H. A. I. (2009). The effect of exercises based on representational systems (visual, auditory, kinesthetic) on learning some hoop skills in rhythmic gymnastics [Master's thesis, University of Baghdad].
• Abdul-Zahra, Y. Y. (2012). The effect of a proposed educational curriculum for some types of artistic gymnastics based on representational systems (auditory, visual, kinesthetic) [Master's thesis, University of Baghdad].
• Al-Bahadly, O. J. M. (2020). The effect of clustering and idea filtering strategies on geography achievement and interactive thinking among fourth-year literary students [Doctoral dissertation, University of Baghdad].
• Al-Dabbagh, F., et al. (1983). Raven's Standard Progressive Matrices Test for Iraqis. Mosul University Press.
• Al-Kaabi, M. A., & Abboud, A. M. H. (2021). Motor learning: Concepts and applications. College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Basra.
• Al-Omari, M. H. (2000). Foundations of historical, social, artistic, and philosophical education (2nd ed.). Dar Al-Maysara.
• Al-Otum, A. Y. (2008). Educational psychology: Theory and application (1st ed.). Dar Al-Maseera.
• Al-Sayed, N. A., Hani, H. S., Nweir, M. F., & Atiya, R. T. M. (2022). Employing the cognitive apprenticeship model in developing design thinking in home economics for secondary school students. Journal of Qualitative Education Studies, 8(3), 17.
• Al-Sheikh, M. M. (2020). A training program in light of the TPACK framework to develop design thinking and technological acceptance toward the Internet of Things among chemistry student teachers: Its effect on teaching practices via virtual labs. Educational Journal, 75. Kafr El-Sheikh University.
• Al-Zarkani, M. K. H. (2021). A teaching-learning design based on brain-based learning methods and suitable teaching strategies: Its effect on self-efficacy and qualitative achievement of fourth-stage science students in physics [Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Ibn Al-Haytham College of Pure Sciences, University of Baghdad].
• Atiya, S. J., & Ibrahim, I. Y. (2021). Building and measuring design thinking among university students. Journal of Intelligence Research, 15(31).
• Costa, A., & Kallick, P. (2005). Describing 16 habits of mind. http://www.habitsofmind.net/
• Giordan, A. (2012). The allosteric learning model and current theories about learning (N. Allal, Trans.). http://cms.unige.ch/1des/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/The-allosteric-learning-modell-and-current-theories-about-learning.pdf
• Izzam, Q., et al. (2005). Foundations of learning and teaching and their applications in football. Baghdad.
• Jabareen, Y. K. (2010). The level of using design thinking in teaching among science teachers in Jenin Governorate [Master's thesis, An-Najah National University].
• Jabr, A. M. (1988). Measuring the emotional balance of intermediate stage teachers and their schools [Unpublished master's thesis, University of Basra].
• Lateef, W. T. (2021). Design thinking among students of fine arts institutes. Sustainable Studies Journal, 3(3).
• Lockwood, B. (2018). Design thinking: Integrating innovation, customer experience, and brand value (3rd ed.). Allworth Press.
• Rida, I. M. (2002). Analysis and evaluation of the objectives of the Physical Education curriculum in the College of Teachers [Doctoral dissertation, University of Baghdad].
• Salem, I. S. (2020). The effect of cognitive conflict strategy on design thinking, information verification, and performance of certain tasks within defensive formations for artistic gymnastics players aged 15–17 [Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Baghdad, College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences for Girls].
• Saudi, A. M., Abdel-Hadi, M., Ahmed, H., & Hamed, A. (2017). Motor control and learning.
• Scheer, A., et al. (2017). Transforming constructivist learning into action: Design thinking in education. Institute at University of Potsdam.
• Zaitoun, H., & Abdel-Hamid, K. (2003). Teaching and learning from a constructivist perspective. Alam Al-Kutub.