Vol. 16, Issue 1, Jul-Dec 2023

Page: 111-138

Al-Bataeh and its Role in Peace and War During the Abbasid Era

Maha Waddah Abdul Ameer Ahmad Ala’Adamy

Received Date:

Accepted Date:

Published Date:

Al-Bataeh was the hidden engine and theatre for many events during the Abbasid era, so it played an important role in those events, which is remarkable and cannot be ignored. Al-Bataeh appeared for political and other reasons related to the regions imperviousness. It became a refuge for those fleeing from power and an important center representing the Iraqi local tendency, which is protected by the power of nature and its ability to impose special historical variables. Therefore, it can be said that Al-Bataeh witnessed political, economic, and social diversity that was reflected in the history of the region, and we can add to the importance of Al-Bataeh the human wealth it produced, represented by its scholars who enriched the human heritage with their immortal scientific output.

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References

• Al-Ahwaz: from the suburbs of Baghdad, on the side of Al-Nahrawan. Yaqut al-Hamawi, Shihab al-Din Abu Abdullah (d. 626 AH / 1228 CE), Mu'jam al-Buldan, 2nd edition, Dar Sader, (Beirut, 1995 CE), volume 1, p. 117.
• Ibn Manzoor, Muhammad bin Makram (d. 711 AH / 1311 CE), Lisan Al-Arab, 3rd Edition, Dar Sader, (Beirut, 1414 AH), Part 2, p. 414.
• It was called (Wasit) because it is between the reeds of Iraq and the Ahwaz. Al-Maqdisi, Muhammad bin Ahmad (d. 380 AH / 990 CE), The Best Divisions in Knowing Regions, 2nd Edition, Brill Press, (Leiden, 1906 CE), p. 118.
• Yaqut al-Hamawi, Mu’jam al-Buldan, Vol. 1, pg. 450.
• Ibn Khalkan, Ahmed bin Muhammad (d. 681 AH / 1282 AD), Deaths of Notables and News of the Sons of Time, edited by: Dr. Ihsan Abbas, Dar Sader (Beirut, 1900 AD), Part 1, p. 172.
• They are the kings of the fourth class of Persian kings, and they are the Sassanids. The first of them is Ardashir bin Babak bin Sabur bin Ardashir, Hormuz bin Sapur, Bahram bin Sapur, Bahram bin Bahram, Narsi bin Sapur, Hormuz bin Narsi, Shapur bin Hormuz, Ardashir bin Hormuz, Sapur bin Ardashir, Sabur ibn Sabur, Bahram ibn Sabur, Parvez Yazdegerd ibn Bahram, Bahram ibn Yazdegerd, Fayrouz ibn Yazdegerd, Abu Sherwan ibn Yazdegerd, Qubad ibn Fayrouz, Anu Shirwan, Hormuz Parvez, Sherweh, Ardashir, Shahryar, Boran, Khosrau ibn Qubadh, Fayrouz Khashbandeh, Arzmi, Dokht Farhad. Khosrow, yelling. Al-Masoudi, Ali bin Al-Hussein (d. 346 AH / 957 AD), Promoter of Gold and Gem Metals, (Dr. I, Dr. T), Part 1, p. 125.
• kiskir: A wide ball whose reed is Wasit, which is between Kufa and Basra. Yaqut al-Hamawi, Mu'jam alBuldan, Vol. 4, pg. 461.
• Al-Dahaqin: singular (Dahqan), which is an Arabicized Persian word meaning merchant. Ibn Manzoor, Lisan Al-Arab, Vol. 13, p. 163.
• Al-Yaqoubi, Ahmed bin Ishaq (d. after 292 AH / 905 AD), Countries, 1st edition, Dar Al-Kutub Al-Ilmiya, (Beirut, 1422 AH), Part 1, p. 159; Ibn Qudama, Qudama bin Jaafar (d. 337 AH / 948 CE) Al-Kharaj and the Writing Industry, 1st edition, (Dar AlRasheed Publishing House, 1981 CE), pp. 168-169.
• Al-Muradi: The sands of the abandonment of knowledge, and one of them is marda, so called because of its lack of vegetation. Ibn Manzoor, Lisan Al-Arab, Vol. 4, pg. 401.
• Al-Istakhari, Abu Ishaq Ibrahim bin Muhammad (d. 346 AH / 957 AD), Al-Masalik and Al-Mamlak, Dar Sader, (Beirut, 2004 AD), pp. 57-58.
• Issa bin Yazid Al-Jaluthi: A leader who was with Abdullah bin Taher and the governor of Egypt in the year (213 AH / 828 AD): Al-Kindi, Abu Omar Muhammad bin Yusuf (d. C 1, p. 55.
• Al-Zat: It is most likely that their original home is Sindh in the country of India, and they used to raise buffaloes. It seems that because of their poverty, they practiced banditry with their aides, so they cut off the road, declared rebellion, and attacked merchant ships. The Caliph alMa'mun fought them and deserted some of them, but he did not eliminate their movement and left that to his brother al-Mu'tasim, who succeeded in eliminating them. Al-Rahim, Abd alHussein Mahdi, The First Abbasid Era, Qualifications and Achievements, 1st Edition, The Open University, (Tripoli, 2002 AD), p. 645.
• Ibn al-Jawzi, Abd al-Rahman bin Ali, (d. 597 AH / 1201 AD), the regular in the history of kings and nations, edited by: Muhammad Abd al-Qadir Atta and Mustafa Abd al-Qadir Atta, 1st edition, Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiya, (Beirut, 1412 AH / 1992 AD), C 10, p. 266.
• Al-Masoudi, Ali bin Al-Hussein (d. 346 AH / 957 AD), Al-Tanbih and AlIshraaf, corrected by Abdullah Ismail Al-Sawy, Dar Al-Sawy, (Cairo, Dr.T), part 1, p. 307.
• The Zanj: They are the inhabitants of eastern Africa who migrated to the lands of Iraq and the regions of the Persian Gulf. They made a movement led by the owner of the Zanj in the lands of Iraq in the second Abbasid era, when the central authority in Baghdad was suffering from weakness and corruption at the hands of foreign leaders who controlled matters. It was not a revolution of slaves, just as the owner of the Zanj was nothing more than a political adventurer who was able to include the discontented Arabs of the Gulf, Iraq and the Zanj with him. The movement, in fact, is a political adventure hatched by a group of ambitious tribal chiefs for power and funded by Indian moneylenders and merchants. Fawzi, Farouk Omar, ((The History of Iraq in the Ages of the Arab-Islamic Caliphate: 1/656 AH / 622/1258 AD)), 1st edition, AlNahda Library, (Baghdad, 1988 AD), p. 308.
• Al-Tabari, Muhammad bin Jarir (d. 310 AH / 923 CE), History of the Messengers and Kings, 1st Edition, Dar Al-Kutub Al-Ilmiya, (Beirut, 1407 AH), Part 5, p. 507.
• Tahatha: a position with a mediator. Al-Tabari, History of the Messengers and Kings, Part 5, pg. 508.
• al-Tabari, History of the Messengers and Kings, vol. 5, pg. 508.
• Al-Tabari, History of the Messengers and Kings, Part 5, pg. 509.
• Abu al-Abbas ibn al-Muwaffaq fought the Zanj in the year 267 AH / 880 CE. Al-Tabari, History of the Messengers and Kings, Part 9, pg. 557.
• He is Suleiman bin Musa Al-Shaarani, who was sent by the Caliph to fight the Zanj. Al-Tabari, History of the Messengers and Kings, Part 9, pg. 482.
• al-Tabari, History of the Messengers and Kings, vol. 5, pg. 534.
• Al-Ajam: The plural of bush, which is the growing reed. Yaqut al-Hamawi, Mu'jam al-Buldan, Vol. 1, pg. 51.
• Ibn Miskawayh, Ahmad bin Muhammad (d. 421 AH / 1030 CE), The Experiences of Nations and the Succession of Determination, edited by: Abu al-Qasim Emami Soroshi, 2nd Edition, (Tehran: 2000 CE), Part 4, pp. 460-461; Ibn al-Jawzi, alMuntazam, vol. 12, p. 211; Ibn alAthir, Ali ibn Abi al-Karam, (d. 630 AH / 1233 CE), al-Kamil fi al-Tarikh, edited by: Omar Abd al-Salam Tadmuri, 1st edition, Dar al-Kitab alArabi, (Beirut, 1997 CE), vol. 6, p. 377; Ibn Katheer, Ismail bin Omar (d. 774 AH / 1373 AD), The Beginning and the End, edited by: Abdullah bin Abdul Mohsen Al-Turki, 1st Edition, (Dar Hajar for Printing, Publishing, Distribution and Advertising, 1418 AH / 1997 AD), Part 14, p. 573.
• Suleiman bin Jameh: Leader of the Zanj. Al-Dhahabi, Muhammad bin Ahmad (d. 748 AH / 1347 AD), History of Islam and the deaths of famous people and media, edited by: Omar Abd al-Salam Tadmuri, 2nd Edition, Dar Al-Kitab Al-Arabi, (Beirut, 1413 AH / 1993 AD), Part 20, p. 22.
• Zeirak: Author of the introduction of Abi al-Abbas. Al-Tabari, History of the Messengers and Kings, Part 9, pg. 585.
• Al-Tabari, History of the Messengers and Kings, Part 5, pp. 537-538.
• Imran bin Shaheen: The king of AlBataeh had blood on him, so he fled to Al-Bateha, so thieves gathered around him, then his gathering increased, and the state failed him, so they fought him, and they were not able to defeat him. And his son Al-Hassan followed him for a while, but he committed himself to money in the year to support the state. Al-Dhahabi, Muhammad bin Ahmad (d. 748 AH / 1347 AD), The Life of the Nobles’ Flags, Dar Al-Hadith, (Cairo, 1427 AH / 2006 AD), Part 12, p. 299.
• Al-Jamidah: a large village of Wasit between it and Basra. Yaqut alHamawi, Mu'jam al-Buldan, vol. 2, pg. 95.
• Ruzbahan: One of the dignitaries of Jund Mu'izz al-Dawla. Ibn Al-Atheer, Al-Kamil in History, Vol. 7, p. 193.
• Al-Borqa: The guards advance the convoy. Or safety given to the traveler or guard fee. Ibn Manzoor, Lisan AlArab, Part 1, pg. 204.
• Watch: security. Ibn Manzoor, Lisan Al-Arab, Part 4, pp. 253-254.
• Al-Muhalabi: The great minister Abu Muhammad Al-Hassan bin Muhammad bin Abdullah bin Harun Al-Azdi from the son of Al-Muhallab bin Abi Safra, and he visited Moez Al-Dawla, and he was a writer and poet who attained first in the ministry on the authority of Abi Jaafar AlSaymari, so Al-Saymari died, and he was appointed in his place by Moez Al-Dawla, in the year (339 AH / 950 AD). ) Then he ministered to the obedient caliph, and they called him the one with two ministries. He died in Sha’ban in the year (352 AH / 963 CE) in Baghdad. Al-Dhahabi, Biography of the Flags of the Nobles, vol. 12, p. 254.
• Ibn Al-Atheer, Al-Kamil in History, vol. 7, p. 186; Ibn Katheer, The Beginning and the End, Part 15, pg. 199; Ibn Khaldun, Abd al-Rahman bin Muhammad (d. 808 AH / 1406 CE), The History of Ibn Khaldun called AlAbr, and the Diwan of the Beginner and the News in the History of the Arabs, Persians, and Berbers, and their contemporaries with the greatest authority, edited by: Khalil Shehadeh, 2nd edition, Dar Al-Fikr, (Beirut, 1408 AH / 1988 AD), Part 3, p. 525.
• Ibn Khaldun, History of Ibn Khaldun, Part 3, p. 526.
• Ibn Khaldun, History of Ibn Khaldun, Part 4, p. 677.
• Al-Abla: A town on the shore of the Great Basra Tigris at the corner of the Gulf that enters into Basra. Yaqut alHamawi, Mu'jam al-Buldan, Vol. 1, pg. 77.
• Oman: Arab football on the coast of the Sea of Yemen and India. Yaqut alHamawi, Mu'jam al-Buldan, Vol. 4, pg. 150.
• Ibn Khaldun, History of Ibn Khaldun, Part 4, p. 678.
• Ibn Khaldun, History of Ibn Khaldun, Part 4, p. 679.
• Ibn Al-Atheer, Al-Kamil in History, Vol. 7, pg. 194.
• Qarmatians: Historians differed in interpreting the term Qarmatians, and it is most likely that Qarmat was a nickname for Hamdan bin Al-Ash’ath, the leader of the Qarmatians of southern Iraq, and it means red-eyed. Hamdan started calling the people to the movement, and the Qarmatians raised slogans to save people from their bad situation. In fact, they wanted to revolt against the prevailing regime and replace it. It included many parts of the state, which are southern Iraq, Badia al-Sham, Yemen, Faras, and Bahrain. Fawzi, Farouk Omar, History of the Arabian Gulf in the Middle Islamic Ages 1-906 AH / 622-1500 AD, 2nd edition, (Baghdad, 1985 AD), p. 177.
• Ibn Khaldun, History of Ibn Khaldun, Part 3, p. 528.
• Al-Abbas is the brother of Muhammad, Ubaid Allah, Al-Fadl, and Hamza Bani Al-Hassan, and he is from the people of the city of the Messenger of God (PBUH). He came to Baghdad during the days of the Caliph Harun Al-Rashid and accompanied Al-Ma’mun after him, and he was a scholar and an eloquent poet. Al-Khatib Al-Baghdadi, Ahmed bin Ali (d. 463 AH / 1070 AD), The History of Baghdad, edited by: Dr. Bashar Awad Maarouf, 1st edition, Dar Al-Gharb Al-Islami, (Beirut, 1422 AH / 2002 AD), Part 14, p. 6; Ibn alDubaithi, Muhammad ibn Sa`id (d. 463 AH / 1239 CE), the needed summary of the history of Baghdad, edited by: Mustafa Abd al-Qadir Atta, 1st edition, Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyyah, (Beirut, 1417 AH), vol. 12, p. 125.
• Ibn Al-Atheer, Al-Kamil in History, Vol. 7, pp. 264-265.
• Ibn Al-Atheer, Al-Kamil in History, Vol. 7, p. 367.
• Ibn Al-Atheer, Al-Kamil in History, Vol. 7, p. 367.
• Al-Dhahabi, History of Islam, vol. 26, pp. 485-486.
• He is Ali bin Nasr Abul-Hassan Muhdheeb al-Dawla, the owner of the country of al-Batihah. He had many honors, and people used to turn to him in times of adversity, so he sheltered them and did good to them. One of his greatest virtues in that was his benevolence to the Caliph al-Qadir in Allah when he sought protection from him and stayed with him with alBatihah fleeing from those who obeyed Allah, so he sheltered him and was kind to him. He was in his service when he took over the caliphate, so he had the white hand with him, and he ruled Al-Bataeh for 32 years and months. He died in the year 409 AH / 1018 AD. Ibn Katheer, The Beginning and the End, Part 15, p. 577.
• Al-Dhahabi, History of Islam, vol. 27, pp. 5-6.
• He used to serve Al-Karaj, then he reigned in Siraf, then Basra, and he went to Al-Ahwaz, and defeated Baha’ Al-Dawla and the king of AlBatiha. Muhdhab Al-Dawla drove Ali bin Nasr to Baghdad, he died in the year 397 AH / 1006 AD. Ibn al-Jawzi, al-Muntazam, vol. 15, pg. 57.
• Abu Muhammad bin Makram: The owner of the authority of the state. Ibn Khaldun, History of Ibn Khaldun, Part 4, p. 629.
• Samaria: a type of ship. Al-Safadi, Salah al-Din Khalil ibn Aibak (d. 764 AH / 1363 AD), correcting the translation and editing the distortion. Ramadan Abdel Tawab, 1st edition, Al-Khanji Library, (Cairo, 1407 AH / 1987 AD), Part 1, p. 319.
• Ibn Khaldun, History of Ibn Khaldun, Part 4, p. 682.
• Bashamni: from the cities of Wasit. Al-Maqdisi, The Best Divisions, vol. 1, p. 114.
• Ibn Al-Atheer, Al-Kamil in History, Vol. 7, pg. 536.
• Al-Jazira: a village in the vicinity of Al-Nahrawan, near Al-Madain, near Baghdad Works. Yaqut al-Hamawi, Mu'jam al-Buldan, Vol. 2, pg. 94.
• Ibn Al-Atheer, Al-Kamil in History, Vol. 7, pg. 536.
• Ibn Al-Atheer, Al-Kamil in History, Vol. 7, pg. 536.
• Al-Saliq: Places in Batihah Wasit between it and Baghdad were the house of the king of Muhdhib alDawla Abi Nasr, who took control of that country and before him, Imran ibn Shaheen. Yaqut al-Hamawi, Mu'jam al-Buldan, vol. 3, pg. 422.
• Ibn Al-Atheer, Al-Kamil in History, Vol. 7, pg. 537.
• Siraf: a venerable city on the coast of the Persian Sea. Yaqut al-Hamawi, Mu'jam al-Buldan, Vol. 4, pg. 447.
• Badr bin Hasanawayh: From the people of the mountain, his rank was Adad al-Dawla. Abu Shuja’ after Hasanawayh’s death, he had the authority over the mountain, Hamadhan, al-Dinour, Borujerd, Nahawand, etc., and his prestige was based on courage, politics, and justice. 1014 / ہ AD. Ibn al-Jawzi, alMuntazam, vol. 15, p. 104.
• Al-Dhahabi, Muhammad bin Ahmad (d. 748 AH / 1347 CE), Al-Abr fi Khabar Min Ghabar, edited by: Dr. Salah Al-Din Al-Munajjid, Kuwait Government Press, (Kuwait, 1984 AD), Part 3, pp. 66-67.
• Arjan: A large city between it and Shiraz sixty farsakhs, and between it and the market of Ahwaz sixty farsakhs. Yaqut al-Hamawi, Mu'jam al-Buldan, Vol. 1, pg. 143.
• Al-Qalqashandi, Ahmed bin Ali (d. 821 AH / 1418 AD), the exploits of elegance in the landmarks of the caliphate, edited by: Abd al-Sattar Ahmad Farraj, 2nd edition, Kuwait Government Press, (Kuwait, 1985 AD), part 1, p. 320.
• Ibn Katheer, The Beginning and the End, Part 15, p. 573.
• Jalal al-Dawla: The owner of Iraq, Abu Taher Firuzjard, son of King Baha al-Dawla, Abi Nasr, son of Sultan Adud al-Dawla bin Rukn alDawla bin Buyih al-Dailami, and he ruled for seventeen years, and after him his son Abu Mansur reigned. year (435 AH / 1043 AD). Al-Dhahabi, Biography of the Flags of the Nobles, vol. 13, p. 225.
• Ibn Katheer, The Beginning and the End, Part 15, p. 630.
• Ibn Al-Atheer, Al-Kamil in History, Vol. 8, pg. 59.
• Abu Kalijar: The owner of Iraq, Marziban bin Sultan al-Dawla bin Baha al-Dawla bin Adud al-Dawla bin Buyih. He reigned after his cousin Jalal al-Dawla, so he ruled for five years, and he was betrothed and betrothed. His cousin al-Malik al-Aziz subdued him, and he died in the year (440 AH) in Kerman, and they reigned after him, his son al-Malik al-Rahim. Aba Nasr, and the state of Bani Buwayh ended, and the Seljuk state was established. Al-Dhahabi, Biography of the Flags of the Nobles, vol. 13, p. 256.
• Al-Basasiri: One of the leaders of the Bani Buyi Turks, and his influence and danger increased during the reign of the Merciful King until the Abbasid caliph and the Buyid sultan with him became usurpers of power. Hassan, Hassan Ibrahim, History of Political, Religious, Cultural and Social Islam (The Second Abbasid Era in the East, Egypt, Morocco and Andalusia 447- 656 AH / 1055-1258 AD), 1st Edition, Al-Nahda Library of Egypt, (Cairo, 1967 AD), Part 4, p. 14.
• Al-Dhahabi, History of Islam, vol. 31, p. 207.
• He is the Emir of Khuzestan. Ibn AlDubaithi, Muhammad bin Saeed (d. 637 AH / 1239 AD), appendix to the history of Madinat Al-Salam, edited by: Dr. Bashar Awad Maarouf, 1st edition, (Dar Al-Gharb Al-Islami, 1407 AH / 2006 AD), Part 1, p. 268.
• The Banu Mazyad were the masters of the Nile and the Middle Euphrates, as their emirate lasted from (387-558 AH / 997-1162 AD), and their center was the city of Hilla, which was established by their prince, Sadaqah. Ali bin Mazyad is considered the true founder of the political entity of the Mazydis, and his successor in the presidency is his son Dubis bin Ali (408-474 AH / 1017-1081 AD), then Mansour bin Dubis, then Sadaqa bin Mansour. Then their strong entity ended with the death of Ali bin Dubis in the year (545 AH / 1150 AD). Fawzi, History of the Arabian Gulf, pp. 183-184.
• Mountain Country: A name for the country located between Isfahan to Zanjan, Qazvin, Hamadan, Al-Dainour, Qarmisin, Al-Ray and the countries between that. Yaqut alHamawi, Mu'jam al-Buldan, vol. 2, pg. 99.
• Ibn Al-Atheer, Al-Kamil in History, Vol. 8, pp. 166-167.
• Baghdad consignment coherents. Abu Kalijar sent him with his son Abu Nasr to Baghdad from Khuzestan, and when Abu Nasr died, he moved to the service of Father Arslan, who made him the shipment of Baghdad and cut him off from Wasit a year ago (493 AH / 1099 AD). Ibn Al-Atheer, AlKamil in History, Vol. 8, pg. 435.
• Ibn Al-Atheer, Al-Kamil in History, Vol. 8, p. 317.
• Yazdan: He is one of the most senior emirs of Baghdad. Ibn Al-Atheer, AlKamil in History, Vol. 9, pg. 387.
• Ibn Al-Atheer, Al-Kamil in History, vol. 9, p. 303.
• Sura: A place that is said to be next to Baghdad. Yaqut al-Hamawi, Mu'jam al-Buldan, vol. 3, pg. 278.
• Ibn Al-Atheer, Al-Kamil in History, vol. 10, pp. 330-331.
• Ibn Katheer, Ismail bin Omar (d. 774 AH / 1373 CE), a definition of the flags mentioned in the beginning and the end, (Dr. I, Dr. T), part 1, p. 126.
• Ibn Saeed, Ali bin Musa (d. 685 AH / 1286 AD), Geography, (Dr. I, Dr. T), p. 45.
• Al-Mawardi, Ali bin Muhammad (d. 450 AH / 1058 CE), Sultanian rulings and religious states, Dar Al-Hadith, (Cairo, Dr.T), p. 265.
• Al-Mawardi, Al-Ahkam Al-Sultani, pg. 265.
• Qarqisya: A country on the Khabur River near Rahba Malik bin Touq, six leagues away, and at the mouth of the Khabur River in the Euphrates. Yaqut al-Hamawi, Mu'jam al-Buldan, vol. 4, p. 328. Farsakh: three miles. Yaqut alHamawi, Mu'jam al-Buldan, Vol. 1, pg. 36.
• Abdullah bin Omar: He is Abdullah bin Omar bin Abdul Aziz bin Marwan, who narrated on the authority of his father and Abdullah bin Ayyad. Shu’bah and Al-Masoudi narrated on his authority. Al-Bukhari, Muhammad bin Ismail (d. 256 AH / 870 AD), The Great History, the observation of Muhammad Abd alMu`id Khan, The Ottoman Encyclopedia, (Hyderabad Deccan, Dr.T), Part 5, p. 145; Al-Dhahabi, History of Islam, vol. 3, p. 444.
• Murrah bin Abi Othman: He is Murrah bin Abi Othman, one of the freed slaves of Abu Bakr, and he is the freed slave of Abd al-Rahman bin Abi Bakr, and Aisha wrote to Ziyad bin Abi Sufyan with the guardianship of him. Ibn Qutayba, Abu Muhammad Abdullah ibn Muslim, (d. 276 AH / 889 CE), Al-Ma'arif, edited by: Tharwa Okasha, 2nd Edition, The Egyptian General Book Organization, (Cairo, 1992 CE), Part 1, p. 178.
• Al-Humairi, Muhammad bin Abdullah (d. 900 AH / 1495 AD), Al-Rawd AlMuttar fi Khabar Al-Aqtar, edited by: Ihsan Abbas, 2nd edition, Nasr Foundation for Culture, Dar Al-Sarraj Press, (Beirut, 1980 AD), p. 92.
• Ibn Hazm, Ali bin Ahmad (d. 456 AH / 1064 CE), The Letters of Ibn Hazm, Al-Khanji Library, (Cairo, Dr.T), Part 1, pg. 95.
• Armenia: The name of a great and wide plain in the north, its boundary from Barda’a to Bab al-Abwab, and on the other side to the land of the Romans, Jabal al-Qabaq and the owner of the bed. Yaqut al-Hamawi, Mu'jam al-Buldan, Vol. 1, pg. 160.
• Balad: It is an ancient city on the Tigris, above Mosul. Yaqut alHamawi, Mu'jam al-Buldan, Vol. 1, pg. 481.
• Ibn Khordadbeh, Obaidullah bin Abdullah (d. 300 AH / 912 AD), AlMasalik and Al-Mamlak, Dar Sader, (Beirut, 1889 AD), p. 174; Ibn alJawzi, al-Muntazam, vol. 1, pg. 160.
• Ibn Khordadbeh, Al-Masalik, p. 233.
• Al-Maqdisi, Al-Mutahhar bin Taher (d. 355 AH / 966 AD), Al-Bida’ wa Al-Tareekh, Religious Culture Library, (Port Said, Dr. T), Part 4, p. 68; Ibn al-Adim, Umar ibn Ahmad (d. 660 AH / 1262 CE), in order to demand the history of Aleppo, edited by: Dr. Suhail Zakkar (Dar Al-Fikr, Dr.T), part 1, p. 358.
• Al-Istakhari, Al-Masalik and AlMamlakat, p. 13; Ibn Hawqal, Abu alQasim Muhammad (d. after 367 AH / 957 CE), Sourat al-Ard, Dar Sader, (Beirut, 1938 CE), vol. 1, p. 18.
• Al-Istakhari, Al-Masalak walMamlakat, p. 60.
• Al-Bakri, Abdullah bin Abdul-Aziz (d. 487 AH / 1094 CE), Al-Masalik and Al-Mamlak (Dar Al-Gharb AlIslami, 1992 CE), Part 1, p. 234.
• Al-Mathar: In Maysan between Wasit and Basra, it is the reed of Maysan. Yaqut al-Hamawi, Mu'jam al-Buldan, Vol. 5, p. 88.
• Abdsi: The name of a factory that was Burstaq as a sugar that was destroyed by the Arabs, and its name remained on the building around it. Yaqut alHamawi, Mu'jam al-Buldan, Vol. 4, pg. 77.
• Al-Khaizara: a village attributed to it. Yaqut al-Hamawi, Mu'jam al-Buldan, Vol. 2, pg. 411.
• Foum al-Sulh: a large river over Wasit between it and a mountain on which there are several villages. Yaqut alHamawi, Mu'jam al-Buldan, Vol. 4, pg. 276.
• Al-Bakri, Al-Masalak wa Al-Mamluk, Part 1, pg. 236.
• Al-Mubthan: He is for the Magi as the judge of the Muslims. It is an Arabized Persian word. Ibn Manzoor, Muhammad bin Makram, (d. 711 AH / 1311 AD), Lisan Al-Arab, Dar AlFikr for Printing, Publishing and Distribution, (Beirut, Dr. T), Part 2, p. 379.
• Yaqut al-Hamawi, Mu’jam al-Buldan, Vol. 1, pp. 450-451.
• Surah Al-Baqarah / Verse 243.
• Yaqut al-Hamawi, Mu’jam al-Buldan, vol. 1, pg. 451.
• An unknown author (d. after 372 AH / 982 CE), The Borders of the World from the East to the West, investigated and translated the book from the Persian, Sayyid Yusuf Al-Hadi, AlDar Al-Thaqafia for Publishing, (Cairo, 1423 AH), p. 32.
• Ain Zerbi: It is a town in the frontiers on the outskirts of Al-Mosisah. Yaqut al-Hamawi, Mu'jam al-Buldan, Vol. 4, pg. 177.
• Yaqut al-Hamawi, Mu’jam al-Buldan, Vol. 4, pg. 178.
• Al-Maqdisi, Muhammad bin Ahmad (d. 380 AH / 990 CE), the best divisions in knowing the regions, edited by: Ghazi Tulaimat, Ministry of Culture and National Guidance, (Damascus, 19809 CE), p. 123.
• Ibn al-Jawzi, Abd al-Rahman bin Ali (d. 597 AH / 1201 CE), slandering passion, edited by: Mustafa Abd alWahed, reviewed by Muhammad alGhazali, (Dr. I, Dr. T), p. 493.
• Ibn al-Faqih, Ahmed bin Muhammad (d. 365 AH / 951 CE), Countries, edited by: Yusuf al-Hadi, 1st Edition, World of Books, (Beirut, 1416 AH / 1996 CE), p. 482.
• Al-Muhammadiyah: a village from the outskirts of Baghdad on the Khorasan road, and it is also in Baghdad from the villages between the two rivers. Yaqut al-Hamawi, Mu'jam al-Buldan, Vol. 5, pg. 64.
• Yaqut Al-Hamwi, Shihab Al-Din Abu Abdullah (d. 626 AH / 1228 AD), The Lexicon of Writers known as “Irshad Al-Arib to Knowledge of the Writer”, Edited by: Ihsan Abbas, 1st Edition, Dar Al-Gharb Al-Islami, (Beirut, 1414 AH / 1993 AD), C 4, p. 819; Ibn alDubaithi, Tail of the History of Baghdad, Part 4, pg. 479.
• Ibn al-Dubaithi, The Tail of the History of Baghdad, Part 4, pg. 479. This hadith was reported by: AlMadani, Malik bin Anas Al-Muwatta, under the title: Muhammad Mustafa Al-Adhami, 1st Edition, Zayed Bin Sultan Al Nahyan Foundation for Charitable and Humanitarian Works, (Abu Dhabi, UAE, 1425 AH / 2004 AD), Part 2, p. 37, No. 78.
• Ibn Khalkan, Deaths of Notables, Volume 1, pp. 171-172; Al-Safadi, Salah al-Din Jalil ibn Aibak (d. 764 AH / 1363 AD), Al-Wafiyyat alWafayat, edited by: Ahmed AlArnaout and Turki Mustafa, Dar Revival of Heritage, (Beirut, 1420 AH / 2000 AD), vol. 7, p. 123; Ibn Katheer Ismail bin Omar (d. 774 AH / 1373 CE), Tabaqat al-Shafi'is, edited by: Dr. Ahmed Omar Hashem and Dr. Muhammad Zainhum, (Religious Culture Library, 1413 AH / 1993 CE), Part 1, p. 679; Ibn al-Mulqqin, Siraj al-Din Abu Hafs Omar ibn Ali (d. 804 AH / 1401 CE), Tabaqat al-Awliya, edited by: Nur al-Din Shuraiba, 2nd Edition, Al-Khanji Library, (Cairo, 1415 AH / 1994 CE), p. 94. The Rifa’i method is one of the chains spread in Iraq, the Levant, and others are attributed to Ahmed bin Al-Hussein Al-Rifai, attributed to the Arab Rifaa tribe. Pakistani, Ihsan Elahi Dahir, Studies in Sufism, 1st Edition, (Dar Al-Imam Al-Mujaddid for Publishing and Distribution, 1426 AH / 2005 AD), p. 229.
• Ibn Katheer, The Beginning and the End, Part 16, p. 559.
• Ibn Katheer, The Beginning and the End, Part 16, p. 560.
• Al-Dhahabi, Al-Abr, Part 4, p. 233.
• Pakistani, Studies in Sufism, p. 234; Al-Harbi, Mamdouh, Sufism and its ways, (Dr. I, D.T), p. 8.
• Pakistani, Studies in Sufism, p. 233.
• Ibn Khalkan, Deaths of Notables, Vol. 1, p. 172; Pakistani, Studies in Sufism, p. 245.
• Rahba Malik bin Touq: It is between Raqqa and Baghdad. It was created by Malik bin Touq bin Atab al-Taghlibi during the caliphate of al-Ma’mun. And Al-Rahab are colluding places for water to stagnate in and around it supervising it. Yaqut al-Hamawi, Mu'jam al-Buldan, Vol. 3, pp. 34-35.
• Ibn al-Dubaithi, Tail of the History of Baghdad, Part 4, pg. 420.
• Tail of the History of Baghdad, Part 4, pg. 420.
• Ibn al-Dubaithi, Tail of the History of Baghdad, Part 4, pg. 420.
• Ibn al-Dubaithi, Tail of the History of Baghdad, Part 4, pg. 421.
• Abu Dawud, Suleiman bin Al-Ash’ath (d. 275 AH / 888 AD), Sunan Abi Dawood, edited by: Muhammad Mohiuddin Abd al-Hamid, AlMaktaba Al-Asriyyah, (Beirut, Dr. T), Part 4, pg. 285, No. (4941).
• Ibn al-Dubaithi, Tail of the History of Baghdad, Part 4, pg. 421.
• Qilwiya: A village in the King River, and some of the people of Al-Jamidah are attributed to it. Yaqut al-Hamawi, Mu'jam al-Buldan, Vol. 4, pg. 423.
• Ibn al-Dubaithi, Tail of the History of Baghdad, Part 3, pg. 351.
• Zawata: It is the name of a place. Yaqut al-Hamawi, Mu'jam al-Buldan, vol. 3, pg. 155.
• Khwarizm: A name for the district as a whole and its Jurjanian canal. Yaqut al-Hamawi, Mu'jam al-Buldan, Vol. 2, pg. 395.
• Ibn al-Dubaithi, Tail of the History of Baghdad, Part 3, pg. 483; Al-Qifti, Ali bin Youssef (d. 646 AH / 1248 AD), alerted the narrators to the alert of the grammarians, edited by: Muhammad Abu Al-Fadl Ibrahim, 1st edition, Dar Al-Fikr Al-Arabi, (Cairo, 1406 AH / 1982 AD), part 2, p. 136.
• Ibn al-Dubaithi, Tail of the History of Baghdad, Part 3, pg. 483.
• He is Naseer al-Din Nasser bin Mahdi al-Alawi al-Razi Mazandrani family and birth, Razi origin, Baghdadi management and death. And he visited the Caliph Al-Nasser. At the beginning of his affairs, he was on behalf of Captain Izz al-Din alMurtada al-Qummi, the captain of all the Persian countries, so he became experienced in the conditions of the Persian sultans, and he was a good worker, so the Caliph chose him for the ministry. He died in the year (617 AH / 1220 AD). Ibn Tabataba, Muhammad bin Ali (660 AH / 709 AD), Al-Fakhri in the Sultanian Literature and Islamic Countries, edited by: Abdul Qadir Muhammad Mayo, 1st edition, Dar Al-Qalam AlArabi, (Beirut, 1418 AH / 1997 AD), Part 1, p. 311.
• Ibn al-Dubaithi, Tail of the History of Baghdad, Part 1, pg. 220.
• Al-Safadi, Al-Wafi Bal-Wafiyat, Part 1, p. 133.